據(jù)鉆井地帶網(wǎng)站2023年6月12日?qǐng)?bào)道，據(jù)全球權(quán)威評(píng)級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)最近發(fā)表的一份報(bào)告稱，由于企業(yè)執(zhí)行凈零排放目標(biāo)計(jì)劃，碳捕獲與封存(CCS)和二氧化碳去除(CDR)技術(shù)將“在未來(lái)脫碳方面發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用”。

該公司在其可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究團(tuán)隊(duì)撰寫(xiě)的一份報(bào)告中表示，在25家收入最高的石油和天然氣公司的樣本中，所有公司都計(jì)劃使用CCS、CDR或碳信用中的至少一種來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)其脫碳目標(biāo)。

碳捕獲與封存

CCS是一組將二氧化碳從其他氣體中分離出來(lái)，然后將其捕獲并儲(chǔ)存在永久設(shè)施中的技術(shù)，正如報(bào)告中所定義的那樣， 這種技術(shù)可用于發(fā)電和工業(yè)，直接從生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中捕獲二氧化碳，并通過(guò)管道將二氧化碳輸送到長(zhǎng)期的地質(zhì)儲(chǔ)存地點(diǎn)。捕獲和儲(chǔ)存的碳也可以用于能源部門，例如在枯竭的儲(chǔ)油層中開(kāi)采石油和天然氣。另一個(gè)用途是通過(guò)捕獲蒸汽甲烷重整和水氣轉(zhuǎn)換反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳來(lái)生產(chǎn)藍(lán)色氫氣。

報(bào)告稱，基于CCS的解決方案被認(rèn)為比基于自然的解決方案(NbS)“具有更強(qiáng)的永久性特征”，因?yàn)橹灰肮芾淼卯?dāng)”，它們就不太容易受到二氧化碳意外釋放的影響。然而，報(bào)告稱，與重新造林等解決方案相比，CCS在技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備方面普遍落后。報(bào)告稱，儲(chǔ)存也是決定脫碳的一個(gè)主要因素，因?yàn)镃CS有足夠的儲(chǔ)存能力來(lái)處理“幾十年的排放”。

報(bào)告稱，在樣本公司中，去年的CCS產(chǎn)能占其范圍1和范圍2排放量的7%，其中大部分活動(dòng)來(lái)自美國(guó)和歐洲的石油和天然氣巨頭。CCS和碳捕獲、利用和封存(CCUS)的部署計(jì)劃將使產(chǎn)能從目前的5000萬(wàn)噸增加到2030年的3.25億噸，其中包括提高石油采收率的目標(biāo)和捕獲其他公司排放的解決方案。

在樣本公司中，只有60%的公司透露了他們的預(yù)期未來(lái)產(chǎn)能，只有56%的公司確定了所需的具體投資成本，而24%的公司表示他們將利用捕獲的二氧化碳來(lái)提高石油采收率，但報(bào)告稱，“這些目標(biāo)往往以模糊的方式表達(dá)”。

根據(jù)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇所言，范圍1排放是公司通過(guò)運(yùn)營(yíng)其擁有或控制的產(chǎn)品而產(chǎn)生的直接排放，而范圍2排放是由公司購(gòu)買的能源生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的間接排放。

二氧化碳去除

如報(bào)告中所定義的那樣，CDR是一組基于自然和技術(shù)的解決方案，可以從大氣中去除二氧化碳，并將其永久儲(chǔ)存在陸地、地質(zhì)或海洋中。CDR的例子包括在造林和再造林過(guò)程中植樹(shù)，以及改善土壤質(zhì)量。報(bào)告指出，CDR技術(shù)通常不會(huì)直接減少排放。

在報(bào)告樣本中，92%的石油和天然氣公司計(jì)劃主要通過(guò)基于自然的解決方案來(lái)使用CDR，但“很大一部分公司的披露缺乏細(xì)節(jié)”。報(bào)告中的公司專注于植樹(shù)造林和再造林的解決方案。

報(bào)告稱，技術(shù)上的CDR解決方案，如直接空氣碳捕獲和儲(chǔ)存(從環(huán)境空氣中去除和儲(chǔ)存碳)，尚處于較早的發(fā)展階段，“技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)挑戰(zhàn)仍有待克服”。

廣泛的估計(jì)范圍

報(bào)告中所有脫碳解決方案的生命周期成本估計(jì)范圍很廣，顯示了“技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備狀況、具體應(yīng)用和所涉及的不確定性”。此外，報(bào)告說(shuō)，CCS和CDR可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生其他環(huán)境后果，比如增加生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的用水需求。

報(bào)告稱：“概括而言，大型石油和天然氣公司正在探索不同的碳捕獲商業(yè)模式，其中可能包括隔離其他企業(yè)活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的排放，而不一定是捕獲自己的排放。”此外，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾全球評(píng)級(jí)公司表示，對(duì)大公司來(lái)說(shuō)，CCS投資是“謹(jǐn)慎且負(fù)擔(dān)得起的”，但“不具有變革性”。

李峻 編譯自 鉆井地帶網(wǎng)站

原文如下：

Carbon Capture, CO2 Removal to Play Key Decarbonization Role

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) will “play a key role in decarbonization” as companies execute plans on their net-zero emission targets, according to a recent report by the top Rating Agency.

In a sample of 25 of the highest-revenue oil and gas companies, all of them plan to use at least one among the options of CCS, CDR, or carbon credits to meet their decarbonization goals, the rating firm said in a report authored by its Sustainability Research team.

Carbon Capture and Storage

CCS is a group of technologies that separate carbon dioxide from other gases, then capture and store it in a permanent facility, as defined in the report. The technology can be deployed in power generation and industry to capture carbon dioxide directly from processes and transport the gas in pipelines to long-term geological storage sites. The captured and stored carbon can also be used in the energy sector, such as for extracting oil and gas in depleted reservoirs. Another use would be the production of blue hydrogen by capturing the carbon dioxide formed by steam methane reforming and a water-gas shift reaction, it said.

The report said that CCS-based solutions are seen as “having stronger permanence characteristics” than nature-based solutions (NbS) as they are considered less vulnerable to the accidental release of carbon dioxide, provided they are “well managed.” However, CCS is generally behind in technological readiness compared to solutions such as reforestation, the report said. Storage is a major factor in decarbonization decisions as well, as there is enough storage capacity for CCS to handle “decades of emissions”, the report said.

Of the companies in the sample, CCS capacity in 2022 represented seven percent of their scopes 1 and 2 emissions, with most activity coming from oil and gas majors in the USA and Europe, the report said. Plans for the deployment of CCS and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) would see capacity rise from 50 million tons currently to 325 million tons by 2030, which include targets for enhanced oil recovery and solutions to capture emissions from other companies. Of the firms in the sample, only 60 percent revealed their expected future capacity and only 56 percent identified the specific investment costs required, while 24 percent said they would use the captured carbon for enhanced oil recovery, but “often these aims are expressed in vague terms”, the report said.

According to the World Economic Forum, scope 1 emissions are direct emissions that a company causes by operating the things that it owns or controls, while scope 2 emissions are indirect emissions created by the production of the energy that an organization buys.

Carbon Dioxide Removal

CDR is a group of both nature-based and technological solutions that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and permanently store it in terrestrial, geological, or ocean reservoirs, as defined in the report. Examples of CDR include planting trees in the process of afforestation and reforestation, as well as improving soil quality. CDR technologies often do not directly reduce emissions, the report noted.

In the report sample, 92 percent of the oil and gas firms plan to use CDR mainly through nature-based solutions, but a “high proportion of companies’ disclosure lacks details”. The companies in the report focused on afforestation and reforestation solutions.

Technological CDR solutions such as direct air carbon capture and storage, which removes and stores carbon from ambient air, are at much earlier stages of development, with “technical and economic challenges still to be overcome”, the report said.

Wide Range of Estimates

The life-cycle costs of all the decarbonization solutions in the report have a wide range of estimates, showing the “state of technological readiness, the specific application, and the uncertainty involved”. In addition, CCS and CDR could have other environmental consequences such as increasing water demand in ecosystems, the report said.

“In general, large oil and gas companies are exploring different business models for carbon capture, which may include sequestering emissions from other companies’ activities, not necessarily capturing their own emissions”, the report said. Further, the rating agency said that CCS investments are “prudent and affordable” for large companies but “not transformational”.