據(jù)今日油價8月2日報道，全球大力減少碳和其他化石燃料排放的努力預(yù)計(jì)將嚴(yán)重影響對化石燃料的需求，最終將引發(fā)“石油需求峰值”。在這種情況下，原油消費(fèi)將停止增長，然后逐漸收縮，導(dǎo)致價格下跌。許多分析機(jī)構(gòu)和全球石油巨頭認(rèn)為，這種情況可能在2030年發(fā)生，甚至可能更早就會到來，正如新冠肺炎疫情的影響所顯示的那樣。盡管石油需求峰值對全球石油工業(yè)造成了長期的威脅，但并沒有遏制正在南美洲的大規(guī)模石油繁榮。如果說有什么不同的話，那就是全球能源巨頭正在加大對非洲石油工業(yè)的投資，尤其是圭亞那Surname盆地和巴西近海地區(qū)的投資。

　　如果世界第六大經(jīng)濟(jì)體印度能夠從新冠肺炎疫情中復(fù)蘇并恢復(fù)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，那么全球石油消費(fèi)的增長速度將會加快。值得一提的是，全球能源巨頭對南美的吸引力越來越大，對阿根廷石油產(chǎn)區(qū)的投資穩(wěn)步增加，此外，哥倫比亞2021年的競購也引起了關(guān)注。但是，巴西近海地區(qū)已經(jīng)成為非洲大陸石油繁榮的焦點(diǎn)。即使在新冠肺炎疫情影響，以及博索納羅總統(tǒng)和巴西國家石油公司經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的首席執(zhí)行官羅伯托·卡斯特羅·布蘭科之間存在矛盾的情況下，能源投資者僅在最初時期感到擔(dān)憂，但對巴西至關(guān)重要的石油行業(yè)來說，幾乎沒有影響。事實(shí)上，巴西未來五年的石油產(chǎn)量增長速度預(yù)計(jì)將超過除美國和歐佩克以外的任何國家。即使大型石油公司努力實(shí)現(xiàn)碳中和，避免被擱置的資產(chǎn)或那些在碳中和世界中開采不經(jīng)濟(jì)的石油儲備所拖累，這種情況也會發(fā)生。

　　正是巴西的近海超深水鹽下油田吸引了外國能源巨頭的極大興趣，過去10年里，巴西的盈虧平衡價格一直在穩(wěn)步下跌，成為全球成本最低的油田之一。業(yè)內(nèi)分析師估計(jì)，巴西的近海油氣項(xiàng)目在35美元/桶的低油價下實(shí)現(xiàn)了盈虧平衡，而運(yùn)營成本預(yù)計(jì)將進(jìn)一步下降，可能會低于30美元/桶。2020年4月初，在由俄羅斯和沙特阿拉伯醞釀的價格戰(zhàn)和新冠肺炎疫情引發(fā)的2020年油價暴跌達(dá)到頂峰時，巴西國家石油公司聲稱，公司整體盈虧平衡價格為每桶21美元。值得注意的是，巴西國家石油公司繼續(xù)報告了令人印象深刻的石油生產(chǎn)總成本，2021年第一季度的石油生產(chǎn)成本僅為32美元/桶。再加上該公司鹽下油田2.70美元/桶的低開采成本，突顯出巴西近海石油行業(yè)的盈利能力。博爾索納羅政府發(fā)起的改革，包括對加強(qiáng)私有化的關(guān)注，大大提高了在巴西境外投資的吸引力。這些立法修正案增加了競爭，減少了監(jiān)管限制，并為外國能源公司提供了更多的進(jìn)入鹽下石油盆地的機(jī)會，這也將有助于壓低盈虧平衡價格，進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)巴西對外國能源公司的吸引力。

　　因此，大型石油公司紛紛涌入拉丁美洲最大的石油生產(chǎn)國投資，特別是在油價自2020年3月油價暴跌以來有所回升之后，國際布倫特基準(zhǔn)原油自2021年初以來上漲了49%。巴西油氣監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)國家石油管理局（ANP）在2021年1月預(yù)測，到2021年，流入石油勘探和生產(chǎn)活動的投資將達(dá)到驚人的130億美元。監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)為，這將為今年45口勘探井的鉆探提供資金，其中19口將在巴西近海地區(qū)，主要位于高產(chǎn)的低成本鹽下油田。全球石油巨頭埃克森美孚(ExxonMobil)宣布，將優(yōu)先在該地區(qū)進(jìn)行短期資本支出，因?yàn)樵摴菊J(rèn)為，這些資產(chǎn)有可能在其投資組合中產(chǎn)生最強(qiáng)勁的回報，這突顯了投資巴西近海資產(chǎn)的吸引力。埃克森美孚及其合作伙伴挪威國家石油公司（Equinor）和葡萄牙石油公司(Petrogal)承諾投資總計(jì)80億美元，開發(fā)巴西桑托斯盆地海上超深水Bacalhau油田。埃克森美孚持有該項(xiàng)目40%的股份，另外40%的股份由挪國油持有，挪國油也是該項(xiàng)目的運(yùn)營商，剩余的20%由葡萄牙石油公司持有。該財(cái)團(tuán)預(yù)計(jì)，該油田的可采資源可達(dá)20億桶，將在2024年首次生產(chǎn)石油。Bacalhau是一個特別有吸引力的開發(fā)資產(chǎn)，因?yàn)樵撠?cái)團(tuán)聲稱其低污染低硫輕質(zhì)原油的碳含量接近全球平均水平的一半。

　　為了吸引更多的外國能源投資，ANP正在拍賣Potiguar、Campos、Santos和Pelotas近海盆地的92個勘探和生產(chǎn)特許權(quán)。值得一提的是，因?yàn)樾鹿诜窝滓咔椋臀魍七t了2021年10月的招標(biāo)。這些資產(chǎn)將進(jìn)一步推動投資，并最終推動該地區(qū)的石油產(chǎn)量增長，使其成為世界上最熱門的近海勘探區(qū)塊，還將推動全球非歐佩克國家和美國的石油產(chǎn)量增長。盡管大型石油公司正在發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)出售成本較高的老舊石油資產(chǎn)，但它們正加大對巴西迅速擴(kuò)張的近海石油繁榮的投資。有利的立法、較低的盈虧平衡價格和高質(zhì)量低排放輕質(zhì)和中輕質(zhì)原油，使巴西成為石油巨頭眼中一個極具吸引力的目的地，即使當(dāng)前是一個發(fā)達(dá)國家正在不斷推動經(jīng)濟(jì)脫碳的世界。

　　王佳晶 摘譯自 今日油價

　　原文如下：

　　Not Even The Peak Oil Threat Can Slow Brazil's Oil Boom

　　The global push to substantially reduce carbon and other fossil fuel emissions is expected to sharply impact demand for fossil fuels. It will eventually trigger a phenomenon known as peak oil demand, where crude oil consumption will cease growing, flat line, and then progressively contract causing prices to fall. A raft of analytical agencies and global oil supermajors believe that it could occur by 2030, or potentially even earlier as fallout from the coronavirus pandemic has indicated. While peak oil demand poses an ominous long-term threat to the global petroleum industry it has not crimped the massive oil boom underway in South America. If anything, global energy supermajors are ratcheting up their investment in the continent’s petroleum industry, particularly the Guyana-Surname Basin and offshore Brazil.

　　If India, the world’s sixth-largest economy, can recover from the coronavirus pandemic and return to growth then the rate at which global petroleum consumption is growing will accelerate. Global energy supermajors are increasingly attracted to South America, with investment in Argentina’s oil patch steadily ratcheting up and Colombia’s 2021 bid round gaining attention. But it is offshore Brazil that has become the focal point of the continent’s oil boom. Even the fallout from the coronavirus pandemic and a spat between President Bolsonaro and Petrobras’ highly experienced CEO Roberto Castello Branco, which initially alarmed energy investors, have had little if any material on Brazil’s economically crucial oil industry. In fact, Brazil’s oil output over the next five years is expected to grow at a greater rate than any other nation except the U.S. and those comprising OPEC. This will occur even with big oil pushing to make operations carbon neutral and avoid being burdened with stranded assets, or those petroleum reserves which are uneconomic to exploit in a carbon-neutral world.

　　It is Brazil’s offshore ultra-deepwater pre-salt oilfields that are attracting considerable interest from foreign energy majors, with breakeven prices that have been steadily falling over the last decade to be some of the lowest globally. Industry analysts estimate offshore projects in Brazil are breaking even at a low $35 per barrel, which with operational costs tipped to fall should fall further, potentially below $30 a barrel. In early April 2020, at the height of the 2020 oil price collapse, triggered by Russia and Saudi Arabia’s brewing price war and the coronavirus pandemic, Petrobras claimed to be operating with a companywide breakeven price of $21 per barrel. Brazil’s national oil company continues to report an impressive total cost of oil produced, which for the first quarter of 2021 was a low $32 per barrel. That, in conjunction with a very low lifting cost of $2.70 per barrel for Petrobras’ pre-salt oilfields, underscores the profitability of Brazil’s offshore oil industry. The attractiveness of investing in offshore Brazil was significantly enhanced by the reforms initiated by the Bolsonaro administration, including a focus on increased privatization. Those legislative amendments have increased competition, reduced regulatory restrictions and provided greater access to the pre-salt oil basins for foreign energy companies. This will also assist with driving breakeven prices lower, further enhancing Brazil’s attractiveness for foreign energy companies.

　　As a result, big oil is flocking to invest in Latin America’s largest oil producer, particularly after oil prices have recovered since the March 2020 oil price collapse with the international Brent benchmark up by 49% since the start of 2021. Brazil’s hydrocarbon regulator, the National Petroleum Agency (ANP – Portuguese initials) forecast in January 2021 that investment inflows into petroleum exploration and production activities would reach an impressive $13 billion during 2021. This the regulator believes will fund the drilling of 45 exploration wells this year, with 19 slated for offshore Brazil, primarily in the prolific low-cost pre-salt oil basins. The attractiveness of investing in offshore Brazil is underscored by global oil supermajor ExxonMobil announcing that it was prioritizing the region for near-term capital spending because it believes those assets have the potential to generate some of the strongest returns in its portfolio. That commitment is demonstrated by Exxon and its partners Equinor and Petrogal committing to invest a combined $8 billion to develop the ultra-deepwater Bacalhau oil discovery in Brazil’s offshore Santos Basin. Exxon holds a 40% interest in the project with another 40% controlled by Equinor, which is also the operator, and the remaining 20% is owned by Petrogal. The consortium expects the oilfield, which is estimated to contain recoverable resources of up to two billion barrels of oil equivalent, will produce first oil by 2024. Bacalhau is a particularly attractive asset to develop because of the low contaminant sweet light crude oil which the consortium claims possesses a carbon content of nearly half the global average.

　　To draw further foreign energy investment, the ANP is auctioning 92 exploration and production concessions in the Potiguar, Campos, Santos, and Pelotas offshore basins in Brazil’s pandemic postponed October 2021 bid round. This will further boost investment and ultimately petroleum output in what is shaping up to be one of the world’s hottest offshore jurisdictions, which will lead to global non-OPEC and U.S. oil production growth. While big oil is selling higher-cost aging petroleum assets in developed regions it is ramping up investment in Brazil’s rapidly expanding offshore oil boom. A combination of favorable legislation, low breakeven prices, and high-quality low emission sweet light and medium crude oil makes Brazil an extremely attractive destination for big oil even in a world where developed nations are pushing the decarbonization of their economies.

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