全世界都在競(jìng)相提高可再生能源的產(chǎn)能

儲(chǔ)能正迅速成為可再生能源拼圖中的關(guān)鍵部分

開(kāi)發(fā)長(zhǎng)期的、可擴(kuò)展的、環(huán)境友好的能源儲(chǔ)存的競(jìng)賽已在全球開(kāi)始

據(jù)油價(jià)網(wǎng)11月22日?qǐng)?bào)道，可再生能源正在全球范圍內(nèi)爆炸式增長(zhǎng)。世界各國(guó)正在以極快的速度增加清潔能源生產(chǎn)能力，與時(shí)間賽跑，以加強(qiáng)能源安全和應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化。盡管環(huán)保人士和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家?guī)资陙?lái)一直在警告，能源行業(yè)——事實(shí)上，全球經(jīng)濟(jì)——的未來(lái)在于可再生能源，而不是化石燃料，但行業(yè)和政策領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人一直在緩慢地適應(yīng)，直到現(xiàn)在。  

近期全球經(jīng)濟(jì)遭受的沖擊(疫情和軍事沖突)的規(guī)模和影響之大，對(duì)能源市場(chǎng)、消費(fèi)者的銀行賬戶和生計(jì)造成了毀滅性打擊。在冬季，僅英國(guó)就有2600萬(wàn)人預(yù)計(jì)將陷入能源貧困，而在發(fā)展中國(guó)家，其后果將更加嚴(yán)重。但在當(dāng)前的全球能源危機(jī)中，也有一線希望。事實(shí)證明，這些沖擊的毀滅性程度是推動(dòng)世界克服頑固的以碳為基礎(chǔ)的經(jīng)濟(jì)所固有的巨大慣性和阻力的動(dòng)力。 

因此，全球許多領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人正在抓住時(shí)機(jī)推動(dòng)綠色能源議程。截至今年，福布斯2000強(qiáng)企業(yè)中有40%的企業(yè)承諾實(shí)現(xiàn)凈零排放目標(biāo)。這是去年的兩倍。與此同時(shí)，三分之二的歐盟國(guó)家(27個(gè)國(guó)家中的18個(gè)國(guó)家)在2022年5月至8月期間創(chuàng)造了太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電的新紀(jì)錄。根據(jù)Statkraft的預(yù)測(cè)，他們才剛剛開(kāi)始。預(yù)測(cè)顯示，到2030年，歐洲的太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電能力將平均每年增加45吉瓦至52吉瓦，比去年的預(yù)測(cè)大幅增加。

雖然全球可再生能源行業(yè)發(fā)展迅猛對(duì)地球來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)好消息，但脫碳議程面臨著一些重大的成長(zhǎng)煩惱。只有在可再生能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施能夠跟上的情況下，新增的可再生能源產(chǎn)能才是有用的。清潔能源不僅僅是風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)和太陽(yáng)能電池板，它還涉及到電網(wǎng)容量和靈活性的提高。

歸根結(jié)底，可再生能源的增長(zhǎng)都是關(guān)于能源儲(chǔ)存的。

事實(shí)上，一個(gè)凈零排放能源的未來(lái)需要6太瓦時(shí)的巨大能源儲(chǔ)存。一份新的報(bào)告預(yù)測(cè)，在2022—2026年期間，全球離網(wǎng)儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)市場(chǎng)預(yù)計(jì)將增加62.2億美元，增速為7%。問(wèn)題是，目前，可再生能源行業(yè)在很大程度上仍依賴于鋰離子電池的儲(chǔ)能。這是一個(gè)問(wèn)題，因?yàn)檫@些電池只能儲(chǔ)存幾個(gè)小時(shí)的能量，而且它們需要有限的、不可再生的稀土元素，而這些稀土元素在未來(lái)將變得越來(lái)越稀缺。 

由于鋰離子電池的主要缺陷，目前全球正在競(jìng)相開(kāi)發(fā)新的、更好的、長(zhǎng)期的、可擴(kuò)展和環(huán)境友好的儲(chǔ)能技術(shù)。大量資金被投入到尋找最好的電池來(lái)為脫碳運(yùn)動(dòng)提供動(dòng)力，包括來(lái)自《通貨膨脹削減法案》的主要激勵(lì)措施。

雖然有一長(zhǎng)串有前途的能源儲(chǔ)存選擇，但最新的發(fā)展之一也是最令人興奮的是二氧化碳電池。 這款意大利發(fā)明的電池正式進(jìn)入美國(guó)市場(chǎng)，這要?dú)w功于夏威夷和海灣地區(qū)投資氣候技術(shù)部署的Elemental Excelerator公司的資金。這種電池只使用水、二氧化碳和鋼鐵，而且效率高、價(jià)格實(shí)惠，而且不受地緣政治影響。根據(jù)電池制造商Energy Dome的網(wǎng)站，“這個(gè)儲(chǔ)能過(guò)程只包括兩種熱力學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換：一種是壓縮，一種是膨脹。這允許RTE高于75%“，這意味著電池可以高效工作幾十年而不泄漏到大氣中。  

二氧化碳電池可能是，也可能不是能源儲(chǔ)存的未來(lái)，但它們是一個(gè)非常有前途的發(fā)展。現(xiàn)在迫在眉睫的問(wèn)題是，這種技術(shù)能以多快的速度被大規(guī)模采用，以幫助可再生能源行業(yè)快速、可靠地發(fā)展，而不會(huì)使那種對(duì)不穩(wěn)定的能源供應(yīng)鏈的依賴持續(xù)下去，而正是這種依賴造成了當(dāng)前的能源危機(jī)。 

李峻 編譯自 油價(jià)網(wǎng)

原文如下：

Energy Storage Is The Backbone Of The Renewable Revolution

·     The world is racing to ramp up renewable energy capacity.

·     Energy storage is quickly emerging as a key piece of the renewable energy puzzle.

·     The race is on to develop long-term, scalable energy storage that is environmentally friendly.

Renewables are exploding. Countries around the world are adding clean energy production capacity at a breakneck pace in a race against the clock to shore up energy security and beat climate change. While environmentalists and economists alike have been warning for decades that the future of the energy industry – and, indeed, the global economy – lies in renewable energies and not fossil fuels, industry and policy leaders have been slow to adapt. Until now. 

The massive scale and reach of the recent shocks to the global economy (Covid-19 and the war) have been devastating to energy markets and to consumers’ bank accounts and livelihoods. 26 million people in the United Kingdom alone are expected to sink into energy poverty over the winter months, and the outcome will be even more devastating in the developing world. But there is a silver lining to the current global energy crisis. The crushing magnitude of these shocks has proven to be the push that the world needed to overcome the massive inertia and resistance built into a stubbornly carbon-based economy.

As a result, many global leaders in both the public and private sectors are seizing the moment to catalyze the green energy agenda. As of this year, 40% of Forbes 2,000 companies have committed to a net-zero target. That’s twice as many as last year. Meanwhile, two-thirds of countries in the European Union – 18 out of 27 – set new records for solar power generation between May and August of 2022. And according to projections from Statkraft, they’re just getting started. Predictions show that European solar capacity will see an average increase of between 45GW and 52GW each year leading up to 2030 – a massive increase over last year’s pre-war projections.

While it’s great news for the planet that the global renewable energy sector is going gangbusters, the decarbonization agenda faces some major growing pains. Added renewable energy capacity is only useful if renewable energy infrastructure can keep up with it. Clean energy isn’t just about wind turbines and solar panels; it’s also about increased grid capacity and flexibility. And at the end of the day, renewable growth is all about energy storage.

In fact, a net-zero energy future will require a whopping 6TWh of energy storage. A new report projects that the global off-grid energy storage system market is expected to grow by $6.22 bn during 2022-2026, accelerating at a rate of 7%. The problem is that, at present, the renewable energy industry is largely dependent on lithium-ion battery storage. This is an issue because these batteries can only hold onto energy for a matter of hours and they require finite, non-renewable rare Earth elements which are going to become increasingly scarce in the future.

Due to the major pitfalls of lithium ion batteries, there is currently a race to develop new and better energy storage technologies that are long-term, scalable, and environmentally friendly. Big money is being invested in finding the best kind of battery to power the decarbonization movement, including major incentives from the Inflation Reduction Act. 

While there are a litany of promising options for energy storage, one of the newest developments is also one of the most exciting: the CO2 battery. The Italian-invented battery is officially entering the U.S. market thanks to funding from Hawaii and Bay Area-based Elemental Excelerator, which invests in climate tech deployment. The battery uses just water, carbon dioxide, and steel, and is efficient, affordable, and scalable without geopolitical stickiness. According to the website of battery-maker Energy Dome, “the process comprises only two thermodynamic transformations: one compression and one expansion. This allows for RTEs of above 75%.” This means that the battery can operate efficiently for decades with no leakage to the atmosphere.

CO2 batteries may or may not be the future of energy storage but they are an extremely promising development in a field of almost nothing but extremely promising and exciting developments. Now the pressing issue is how quickly such a technology can be adopted at scale to help grow the renewable sector quickly and reliably without perpetuating the kind of reliance on volatile energy supply chains that created the current energy crisis.